Examine the key challenges concerning flow assurance approaches and how they may affect pipeline integrity. Examine successful cost-cutting and project-downtime management strategies. Home About Contact.
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Did you find this document useful? Is this content inappropriate? Report this Document. Description: Pipeline Rules of thumb for offshore installation. Try to make your paces 3 ft, or 1 yard long. The next step is to guess how much smaller the actual pool is, compared to the circle you walked.
Now you can estimate the average depth by guessing the maximum depth. You can also estimate the area of an oval-shaped pool by pacing off 3 ft per step the width of the short diameter and the long diameter and averaging the diameters.
Pace off the short diameter, but stop short to allow for the irregular shape. Repeat the procedure for the long diameter. Add the diameters together and divide by 2 to get the average diameter. When conditions permit, direct measurements of spill parameters are preferred over visual estimates. A rough estimate of spill volume can be generated from observations of the oil slick's size and thickness.
Figure 3 and Table 1 relate the appearance, thickness, and the light conditions. For example, slick thickness greater than 0. Since oil slick spreading is influenced by the spill volume as well as physical forces, stopping the spill at its source is critical in controlling the spread of a slick on water.
The more conservative the first estimate of the spill volume, the better the chances that response forces will arrive at the spill site prepared with adequate and appropriate equipment. It is preferable to overrespond early rather than underrespond and risk unpreparedness.
To underrespond will impede the effectiveness of spill control. Open navigation menu. Close suggestions Search Search. User Settings. Skip carousel. Carousel Previous. Carousel Next. What is Scribd? Explore Ebooks. Bestsellers Editors' Picks All Ebooks. Explore Audiobooks. Bestsellers Editors' Picks All audiobooks. Explore Magazines. Editors' Picks All magazines. Explore Podcasts All podcasts.
Difficulty Beginner Intermediate Advanced. Explore Documents. Cancel anytime. Start your free 30 days Read preview. Publisher: Elsevier Science. Released: Sep 27, ISBN: Format: Book. Identify the very latest pipeline management tools and technologies required to extend the life of mature assets Understand the obstacles and solutions associated with pipeline operations in challenging conditions Analyze the key issues relating to flow assurance methodologies and how they can impact pipeline integrity Evaluate effective ways to manage cost and project down-time.
Structural Engineering. About the author EM. Read more. Pipe Drafting and Design by Roy A. Plant Engineer's Handbook by R. Related Podcast Episodes. The magic of spreadsheets: Devotees love spreadsheets for their directness.
You click the formula that you want, edit it instantly and it updates, live. But their use can also lead to problems, as the UK retailer Marks and Spencer recently discovered to its cost.
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Related categories Skip carousel. Pipe Design Abstract 4. Electrical Design Abstract Floodlighting Concepts 5. Gas—Hydraulics Abstract Liquids—General Abstract Measurement Abstract Gas Measurement Leak Detection Publisher Summary Tanks Abstract Maintenance Publisher Summary Rehabilitation—Risk Evaluation Abstract All rights reserved.
Keywords Belts; Cables; Drills; Pipeline pigging; Ropes; Shafts Basic Formulas Mathematics—areas Mathematics—surfaces and volumes Rules of exponents Recommended drill sizes for self-tapping screws Determine pulley speed Calculate volume in horizontal storage tank with ellipsoidal or hemispherical heads ASTM standard reinforcing bars Pressure rating for carbon steel flanges Cables and Ropes Estimating strength of cable Find the working strength of Manila rope How large should drums and sheaves be for various types of wire rope?
Rate of Return Formulas: a. Mathematics—areas Mathematics—surfaces and volumes Rules of exponents Recommended drill sizes for self-tapping screws Determine pulley speed Speed of Driven Pulley Required: Diameter and speed of driving pulley and diameter of driven pulley are known.
Multiply by trial numbers 12 and 1: The values 12 and 13 in the numerator represent the diameter of driven pulleys B and D, and the values 24 and 18 in the denominator represent the diameter of the driving pulleys A and B.
Example: Find total volume. Change line diameter to eighths 2. Square the numerator 3. Divide by the denominator 4.
How large should drums and sheaves be for various types of wire rope? Find advantages of block and tackle, taking into account pull out friction The efficiency of various sheaves differs. Example Find the mechanical advantage of a four-part block and tackle using upper and lower blocks having journal bearings, which have an efficiency of If the load weighed lb, what pull would be required on the lead line?
Safe loads for wire rope There are various kinds of wire rope and chain available, and where it is possible strength factors should be reviewed before using any particular kind. Stress in guy wires Guys are wire ropes or strands used to hold a vertical structure in position against an overturning force. Example A derrick mast 90 ft high is supported by nine equally spaced guys anchored at a horizontal distance of ft from the mast, and the elevations of the guy anchorages are 10 ft below the base of the mast.
Strength and weight of popular wire rope The following tables give the breaking strength for wire rope of popular construction made of improved plow steel.
The weight can be found the same way. Measuring the diameter of wire rope Wire rope: field troubles and their causes All wire rope will eventually deteriorate in operation or have to be removed simply by virtue of the loads and reversals of load applied in normal service. Figure 1 Capacity of wire line drums. Belts and Shafts Determine length of a V-belt Rule: To find the nominal length of a V-belt, lay the belt on a table and place within it a pair of circular objects of the same diameter flanges, tin cans, or whatever may be at hand.
Reprinted with permission: The Falk Corporation. Estimate the horsepower that can be transmitted by a shaft 1. For heavy duty service use Example What horsepower can be transmitted to an atmospheric cooling coil by a 2 in shaft turning at revolutions per minute? Miscellaneous How to estimate length of material contained in roll Where material of uniform thickness, like belting, is in a roll, the total length may be obtained by the following rule: Measure the diameter of the hole in the center, and of the outside of the roll, both measurements in inches; count the number of turns; multiply the sum of the two measured diameters by the number of turns, and multiply this product by 0.
Example A roll of belting contains 24 turns. The roll contains Convenient antifreeze chart for winterizing cooling systems This plot of water volume versus glycol volume at various conditions of temperature and percent of glycol in the system makes winterizing field engines relatively easy.
How to determine glycol requirements to bring a system to a desired temperature protection level Solve the equation below to find the number of gallons of aqueous solution that must be removed and replaced with glycol.
Tap drills and clearance drills for machine screws Common nails Drill sizes for pipe taps Carbon steel—color and approximate temperature Bolting dimensions for flanges Flange Bolt Tightening Sequence Steel fitting dimensions Please click here to enable this online interactive feature. Please click here to enable this online interactive feature. Other types, sizes and thicknesses of fittings on application. ANSI forged steel flanges Please click here to enable this online interactive feature.
Always specify bore or matching pipe wall when ordering. Other types, sizes and facings on application. Trench shoring—minimum requirements Trench jacks may be used in lieu of, or in combination with, cross braces.
Reuniting separated mercury in thermometers The largest single cause for failure of precision thermometers is separated mercury columns. How to read land descriptions A land description is a description of a tract of land, in legally acceptable terms, that defines exactly where the tract of land is located and how many acres it contains.
Table 1 Land Measurements In nonrectangular land descriptions, distance is usually described in terms of either feet or rods this is especially true in surveying today , while square measure is in terms of acres. Meandered water and government lots A meandered lake or stream is water next to which the adjoining land owner pays taxes on the land only.
Figure 1 The government lot number given to a piece of land is the legal description of that tract of land. Reading land descriptions Descriptions of land always read first from either the north or the south. Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Sample sections showing rectangular land descriptions, acreages, and distances Metes and bounds descriptions A metes and bounds description is a description of land obtained by starting at a given point, running so many feet in a certain direction, so many feet in another direction, etc.
Example In Figure 1, notice the small tract of land outlined. Figure 6 Land description in terms of degrees. Size an air receiver for engine starting Assume that the engine starter requires 16 standard cubic feet per second, that 10 s is required for starting, and that you want to store enough air in the receiver for three starts. Find the height of the receiver. Use two receivers, each 7. Dimensions of hex nuts and hex jam nuts Please click here to enable this online interactive feature.
Reprinted with permission—Barnhill Bolt Co. Albuquerque, NM. Color codes for locating underground utilities Approximate angle of repose for sloping sides of excavations This information may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Wind chill chart Pipeline Pigging Sizing plates Often the debris-removal operation, after completion of construction, is combined with gauging to detect dents and buckles. Caliper pigging Caliper pigs are used to measure pipe internal geometry. Cleaning after construction After construction, the pipeline bore typically contains dirt, rust, and millscale; for several reasons it is normal to clean these off.
Flooding for hydrotest In order to demonstrate the strength and integrity of the pipeline, it is filled with water and pressure tested. Dewatering and drying After the hydrotest has been completed, the water is generally displaced by the product or by nitrogen.
Reprinted with permission—Gulf Publishing Co. Pipeline Pigging Technology 2nd Edition. Pig Trap Design Pipeline Pig Traps The primary purpose of a pig trap is to provide a means for safely and without flow interruption inserting and launching or receiving and retrieving a pig from a pipeline.
Notes: For sphere launchers utilizing an automatic retractable flap system, a larger oversize may be required. In the US, the regulations for Figure 1 Typical pig launcher. Table 1 Typical Launcher Dimensions All Dimensions Given in Inches A vent valve should be provided near the trap valve for a launcher and near the closure for a receiver.
For systems handling other materials such as ethylene, consideration will need to be given to the reduced temperature as a result of throttling a high pressure to a low pressure. Estimate volume of on-shore oil spill An irregular shape can be converted into a series of rectangles that approximate the area of the irregular shape.
In Figure 1, the following area is determined: Figure 2 Typical pig receiver. Figure 3 Typical launcher configuration. The more rectangles used, the more accurate the estimate becomes. The volume of free oil in area A is The total volume will be the sum of volumes for areas A, B, and C. Next, convert cu ft to barrels. Each cubic foot is equivalent to 0. Walk-around method If the pool of oil is roughly circular, you can estimate its area by pacing around the pool and counting your paces.
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